init - système de gestion d'initialisation

init [-fs]

Le programme init est la dernière étape du processus de boot. Il exécute normalement la séquence des évènements décrite dans rc(8) et si cela réussi, les opérations multi-utilisateur commencent. Si le script de boot échoue, init démarre les opérations en simple-utilisateur pour donner au superutilisateur un shell sur la console. Le programme init peut être passé en paramètre à partir du programme de boot pour prévenir le fait que le systeme passe en multiutilisateur et pour, à la place, exécuter une invite de commande simple utilisateur sans initialiser les démons normaux.

Les paramètres suivant peuvent être passé depuis le programme de démarrage :

-f Active le mode démarrage-éclair

-s Démarre directement dans le mode utilisateur simple.

The system is then quiescent for maintenance work and may later be made to go to multi-user by exiting the single-user shell (with ^D). Cela force init à exécuter le fichier de commande de démarrage /etc/rc en mode fastboot (pas de vérifications des disques).

If the console entry in the ttys(5) file does not contain the ``secure flag, then init will require that the superuser password be entered be- fore the system will start a single-user shell. The password check is skipped if the console is marked as ``secure. The kernel securelevel(7) is normally set to 0 while in single-user mode, and raised to 1 when the system begins multi-user operations. This ac- tion will not take place if the securelevel is -1, and can be modified via the /etc/rc.securelevel script.

In multi-user operation, init maintains processes for the terminal ports found in the file ttys(5). init reads this file, and executes the com- mand found in the second field. This command is usually getty(8); getty opens and initializes the tty line and executes the login program. The login program, when a valid user logs in, executes a shell for that user. When this shell dies, either because the user logged out or an abnormal termination occurred (a signal), the init program wakes up, deletes the user from the utmp(5) file of current users and records the logout in the wtmp file. The cycle is then restarted by init executing a new getty for the line.

Line status (on, off, secure, getty, or window information) may be changed in the ttys file without a reboot by sending the signal SIGHUP to init with the command ``kill -s HUP 1. On receipt of this signal, init re-reads the ttys file. When a line is turned off in ttys, init will send a SIGHUP signal to the controlling process for the session associat- ed with the line. For any lines that were previously turned off in the ttys file and are now on, init executes a new getty to enable a new lo- gin. If the getty or window field for a line is changed, the change takes effect at the end of the current login session (e.g., the next time init starts a process on the line). If a line is commented out or delet- ed from ttys, init will not do anything at all to that line. However, it will complain that the relationship between lines in the ttys file and records in the utmp file is out of sync, so this practice is not recom- mended. init will terminate multi-user operations and resume single-user mode if sent a terminate (TERM) signal, for example, ``kill -s TERM 1. If there are processes outstanding that are deadlocked (because of hardware or software failure), init will not wait for them all to die (which might take forever), but will time out after 30 seconds and print a warning message.

init will cease creating new getty(8) and allow the system to slowly die away, if it is sent a terminal stop (TSTP) signal, i.e., ``kill -s TSTP 1. A later hangup will resume full multi-user operations, or a termi- nate will start a single-user shell. This hook is used by reboot(8) and halt(8). init will terminate multi-user operations, kill all getty(8), run /etc/rc.shutdown, and halt the machine if user-defined signal 1 (USR1) or user-defined signal 2 is received. /etc/rc.shutdown can specify that a powerdown is requested. Alternatively, USR2 specifically requests a pow- erdown. The role of init is so critical that if it dies, the system will reboot itself automatically. If, at bootstrap time, the init process cannot be located, the system will panic with the message ``panic: init died (signal %d, exit %d).

When init spawns a process it sets the process priority, umask, and re- source limits based on /etc/login.conf. When starting the rc(8) files, the login class ``daemon is used. When starting a window system or getty(8), the login class ``default is used. No resource changes are made when entering single user mode.

/dev/console system console device

/dev/tty* terminal ports found in ttys

/etc/rc system startup commands

/etc/rc.securelevel commands that run before the security level changes

/etc/rc.shutdown script run at shutdown time

/etc/ttys terminal initialization information file

/fastboot tells rc(8) not to run fsck(8) during the next boot

/var/run/utmp record of users currently logged in

/var/log/wtmp record of all logins and logouts

getty repeating too quickly on port %s, sleeping A process being started to service a line is exiting quickly each time it is started. This is often caused by a ringing or noisy terminal line. Init will sleep for 10 seconds, then continue trying to start the process.

some processes would not die; ps axl advised. A process is hung and could not be killed when the system was shutting down. This condition is usually caused by a process that is stuck in a device driver because of a persistent device error condition.

kill(1), login(1), sh(1), fbtab(5), login.conf(5), ttys(5), securelevel(7), crash(8), getty(8), halt(8), rc(8), rc.shutdown(8), reboot(8), shutdown(8)

Une commande init est apparue dans la version 6 de l'UNIX d'AT&T.

OpenBSD 4.4 24 août 2008 2